E-mobility transition overview and insights from the Greek market

The Electric Vehicle (EV) grid integration opens up a new dynamic market in the Greek area that is expected to experience rapid growth in the coming years. During the first years of its introduction though, it has provided initial insights into the operation of EV charging stations, and compliance with charging protocols as well as faced challenges, such as charger availability due to connectivity interruptions, power loss due to increased load demand or leakage currents/overvoltage as well as lack of fast DC chargers in highways causing "range anxiety". Along with these challenges, new services are being gradually introduced by operators in the European market to improve their positioning. The most known amongst them are the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technologies, which enable bidirectional charging. This paper introduces the protocols enabling the V2G transition as the ISO 15118 and Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) through its 2.0.1 version, by comparing their added functionalities with the currently offered EV charging services. Additionally, it underlines the faced V2G barriers at regulatory, EV charging station, remuneration strategy, and security level, and proposes improvements for achieving the planned V2G roadmap.