A Bi-Level Multi-Objective Energy Management System for Renewable Energy Self-Consumption

The European Green Deal has outlined ambitious near-term objectives to reduce CO
2
emissions and attain climate neutrality. Yet, effectively exploiting self-generated renewable energy within energy communities remains insufficiently explored. Energy management system aggregators often provide demand-response and ancillary services through demand-side management programs that incentivise residents using reduced energy costs or monetary compensation. However, their primary objectives of profit maximization and flexibility request satis-faction do not address the practical intricacies associated with energy self-consumption. This paper defines and formulates a bi-level multi-objective optimization problem for maximizing self-consumption within an energy community, while considering the residents' welfare by maximizing satisfaction of their appliance-scheduling preferences and minimizing energy costs. We propose a Bi-level Multi-Objective Energy Management System (BiMO-EMS) based on evolutionary computation for aggregator participation in the day-ahead energy market. Through experimental evaluation, we demonstrate that BiMO-EMS achieves a 98% approximation of the optimal solution with regards to self-consumption, while establishing a pricing scheme that offers a high-quality trade-off between the welfare-oriented objectives in terms of performance and diversity.