Energy Management in a Commercial-Site Equipped with Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, Wind Turbines, and Battery Energy Storages

This paper studies the optimal sizing of wind turbines (WTs), and battery energy storages (BESs) in presence of the electric vehicles (EVs) available in the parking lots of a commercial site (CS). It is assumed that the battery chargers of the parking lot are similar with a certain rating power. The parked EVs in the parking lot of the commercial site are considered as the uncertain load during the day. Charging the EVs enables to maximize the utilization of power collected from the installed WTs, while minimizing dumped energy. An optimization study is executed to determine the number and size of the required BESs and WTs. The number of EVs and their time of the arrival and departure in the CS parking lot are defined as one of the considered uncertainties in the model. The load model is prepared based on the one-year energy consumption of the considered CS. The purchase cost, installation cost, maintenance cost, and lifetime of the components in the given interest and discount rate are considered to calculate payback period of WTs and BESs during the optimization study. The optimization results demonstrates that it is economically feasible to reduce 15% of the CS power demand from the grid by optimal sizing of the WTs and BESs with a ROI less than 10 years.