Mounting Structure Effect to Module Temperature for Retrofitted Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System

This study presents the prediction of module temperature for a retrofitted grid-connected PV system in the context of Malaysia's climate. The analysis involves examining the temperature difference between the PV module and the ambient temperature at various irradiance levels. These findings are then utilized to predict the module temperature based on different mounting configurations. Furthermore, an optimization process will be conducted to establish empirical coefficients, denoted as a and b using the Sandia/King equation, which will be specific to each PV mounting configuration. It is important to note that the electrical efficiency and power output of a PV module exhibit a practical linear relationship with the module temperature, decreasing as the temperature rises. For the King model, the proposed empirical conduction/convection heat transfer coefficients a and b will be determined based on Malaysia's climate. These coefficients will be validated using various PV mounting scenarios, taking into account three readily available weather variables: solar irradiance, wind speed, and ambient temperature. Consequently, the Sandia/King model demonstrates excellent predictive accuracy based on the available data.