Digitizing History: Transitioning Historical Paper Documents to Digital Content for Information Retrieval and Mining—A Comprehensive Survey

Historical document processing (HDP) corresponds to the task of converting the physical-bind form of historical archives into a web-based centrally digitized form for their
conservation
,
preservation
, and
ubiquitous access
. Besides the conservation of these invaluable historical collections, the key agenda is to make these
geographically distributed historical repositories
available for information mining and retrieval in a
web-centralized touchless mode
. Being a matter of interest for interdisciplinary scholars, the endeavor has garnered the attention of many researchers resulting in an immense body of the literature dedicated to digitization strategies. The present study first assembles the prevalent tasks essential for HDP into a pipeline and frames an outline for a generic workflow for historical document digitization. Then, it reports the latest task-specific state of the art which gives a brief discourse on the methods and open challenges in handling historical printed and handwritten script images. Next, grounded on various layout attributes, it further talks about the evaluation metrics and datasets available for observational and analytical purposes. The current study is an attempt to trail the contours of undergoing research and its bottlenecks thus, providing readers with a comprehensive view and understanding of existing studies and unfolding the open avenues for the future outlook.