Resource-aware Integration of Online Testing and Residue Removal for Cyber-Physical P-DMFBs

Paper-based Digital Microfluidic Biochips (P-DMFBs) have emerged as reliable, low-cost, and prompt-responsive platforms for biochemical assays. Reliability of P-DMFBs can be affected severely by physical defects introducing multiple faults, which even affect correctness of the outcome, cause sample-reagent wastage, and misuse resources. Therefore, testing is imperative during assay execution. Here, we propose an online testing strategy for cyber-physical P-DMFBs to ensure safe assay outcome in a limited-resource environment.