An Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol Techniques for Extending the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network

Severe energy constraints are one of the most serious concerns in WSNs. Because the performance of Sensor Networks is greatly influenced by network lifespan, researchers are looking for a strategy to better utilize node energy supply while also extending network lifetime. The weather where the sensors are placed, the routing methods, etc., all affect how much battery is used. Numerous quality of service (QoS) metrics are provided to gauge the network’s performance and help reduce battery usage at the routing level. Many routing protocols have been proposed to address this issue. In this research, we analysed two low-power protocols—LEACH and Sub-cluster LEACH—and compared their performance. Levenberg-Marquardt neural networks (LMNNs) and Moth-Flame optimisation are both implemented one at a time to improve network performance. Energy efficiency, end-to-end latency, throughput, and packet delivery ratio (PDR) are some of the QoS indicators thought to assess performance. Sub-cluster LEACH with MFO was found to perform better than competing algorithms in post-implementation simulations. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that a suggested technique reduces energy consumption while extending life of WSNs.