Prediction, Classification, and Diagnosis of Lupus Nephritis in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: A Review

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that can lead to kidney failure and increased mortality in patients with this autoimmune disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of lupus nephropathy is therefore crucial to improve clinical outcomes. Artificial intelligence (AI) can help improve the diagnosis of this complex disease. Several AI methods have been discussed in the literature for the diagnosis of lupus nephropathy. This article aims to present a concise review of the detection classification, and diagnosis of NL using currently published literature following the artificial intelligence pipeline (glomerule detection, feature extraction, and classification) and identify critical knowledge gaps. and directions for future research.