A Universal Modeling Framework for Real and Virtual Energy Storage

Energy storage equivalent circuit models are commonly used in design as they represent various physics or chemistries in a way familiar to power system engineers. However, the wide variety of employed circuits makes it challenging to identify the capability and transient response of energy storage and convolutes the comparison of storage options. Virtual energy storage, an aggregation of controllable loads, also currently lacks a modeling approach analogous to real storage. This paper proposes a universal energy storage model that represents both real and virtual storage—abstracting away the virtual storage power electronics while maintaining the system dynamics. This work demonstrates how the universal model can represent virtual energy storage and how existing battery and supercapacitor models can convert into the universal model. A comparison to switching models demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed universal model.