Sizing optimization of power generation and energy storage for lunar microgrids

Future moon expeditions may require electric power distribution networks to link habitats, charging stations (CS), in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), lunar science experiment (LSE) stations, and other possible moon surface facilities, thereby creating interconnected lunar microgrids (MGs). Given the intermittent power generation of photovoltaic (PV) and the stringent requirements on weight and size for lunar applications, it is necessary to optimize the rated power level of PV arrays and capacities of energy storage systems (ESS) to build lightweight, small-size, and highly efficient microgrids. This paper presents a generic architecture for these lunar microgrids and provides a generalized approach for sizing optimization, using the one-year irradiance and temperature profiles of the moon’s south pole as a basis. Component and system models, operation principles, and the optimization procedure are detailed thoroughly. Taking into account different optimization objectives and varying levels of locally provided energy for both scheduled or unscheduled load, multiple optimal options for sizing the PV and battery systems are derived.