Optimal Load Frequency Management of an Interconnected Power System Considering Geothermal Power Plant and Electric Vehicle

This study focuses on issues with managing the load frequency in coupled two-area power grids. Area 1 assumes thermal and electric vehicles, whereas Area 2 considers geothermal power plants and distributed generation (DG) systems. The DG uses energy from green sources as well. For a two-area power system, the optimal control variables of the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and tilt integral derivative (TID) controllers are determined using the particle swarm optimization and firefly method. As a measure of deficiency, the cost function integral square error (ISE) is selected. PID and TID controllers are used to analyze the effect of the reheat turbine. The following stage involves comparing the random load dynamics to demonstrate the superior performance of the TID controller. The conclusions of the simulations have demonstrated that, in terms of overshoot, undershoot, and steeling time, the FA-based TID controller performs more efficiently than the one using PID.