Nanomaterials for Titanium-Based Anodes in Sodium-ion Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) since sodium is more abundant and less expensive than lithium in nature. However, Na$^{+}$ ions are bigger than Li$^{+}$ ions, which makes them diffuse slower in the electrodes. Therefore, finding suitable anode materials that can achieve high performance is an interesting goal in SIB research. Titanium-based (Tibased) anode materials have attracted a lot of attention in SIBs, because they have the benefits of being safe and stable in structure. Nanostructures provide a larger surface area for sodium ion absorption and shorter paths for their transportation. However, to achieve high performance, they need to be designed and engineered at the nanoscale level. In this article, we review the latest progress in Ti-based nanoscale structures that can improve the energy density, cycling stability, and rate capability of SIBs.