A nW Sub 1-Volt MOSFET-Only Voltage Reference with a 32 ppm/°C Temperature Coefficient and 0.648V Power Supply

Voltage references are crucial for various mixed-signal and RF systems in the analog market, including IoT, wireless technologies, and body-area networks. In recent technological advancements, the increasing demand for low-power, low-cost, and energy-efficient solutions has driven the need for sub-1V voltage reference circuits. This paper presents the design and development of a sub 1-V voltage reference circuit for ultra-low power applications. The MOSFET-only circuit proposed here is compatible with CMOS fabrication in the 180 nm node. The voltage reference circuit achieves a stable 0.406V reference with a low line sensitivity (LS) of only 0.2%/V over a wide source voltage range from 648mV to 3.6V. It exhibits a temperature coefficient (TC) of 32 ppm/°C within the temperature range of −40°C to 105°C with a power consumption of 9.9nW at room temperature. The performance analysis includes a comprehensive assessment considering all process corners and statistical analysis through Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, a comparison with state-of-the-art references validates the effectiveness of the proposed circuit.