Implantable Medical Devices for Wireless Optical Neuromodulation and Neural Recording: Energy-Efficient Integrated Circuit and System Design

Since the development of the first cardiac pacemaker implant in 1958
[1]
, implantable medical devices (IMDs) have assumed a critical role across a broad spectrum of clinical applications
[2]
,
[3]
,
[4]
,
[5]
. These innovative devices facilitate diagnosis, deliver therapeutic interventions, and promote regenerative processes. Examples abound, from the widely recognized deep brain stimulator to drug delivery systems, vital sign monitoring devices, and cochlear implants. In addition, the significance of IMDs extends into the realm of research, where they have revolutionized scientific approaches and methodologies, particularly in behavioral neuroscience. Cutting-edge IMDs designed for neural interfaces can support advanced neural stimulation and neural recording. Such neural interface IMDs have made significant contributions to deepening our fundamental understanding of brain functions and advancing the development of therapies for various brain injuries and disorders, such as dystonia, depression, and Parkinson’s disease
[6]
,
[7]
,
[8]
.