Signals of Opportunity: Spoof Detection with Low-Cost Hardware and Edge Devices

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are essential for the operation of critical infrastructure, shipping, and first responders around the world. Increased instances of position, navigation, and timing (PNT) interference can threaten the performance of crisis response organizations. Current alternatives to GPS are expensive, require ideal conditions to operate, and are computationally cost prohibitive in most applications. The recent proliferation of edge computing devices and software defined radios enables low-cost reception and high fidelity analysis of radio signals. We explore the efficacy of low-cost commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and edge device processing to capture and analyze Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite beacon signal Doppler frequency shifts. Analysis of these signals is shown to identify GNSS spoofing with accuracy of 4.12 meters.