Blockchain-Based Microgrid Frequency Control and Energy Trading to Incentivize EV Aggregator

A blockchain-enabled decentralized framework for frequency control of microgrid networks to incentivize the electric vehicle (EV) aggregator is presented in this work. The system employs a double auction mechanism and participation matrix (PM) developed in smart contract-based blockchain to facilitate real-time energy trading between EV aggregators and micro grid operators. The EV aggregators use idle EV batteries to provide frequency regulation services to the microgrid (MG). The PM represents the energy contract information of each prosumer with consumers. Further, a novel fractional-order recurrent neural network (F -RNN) based self-adaptive proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is introduced to ensure the stable power transaction among the EV prosumers during participation in peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading in the MG network. The developed framework has been validated through the implementation of an MG network comprising four prosumers and three consumers. The proposed work is realized in real-time digital simulation using the Opal-RT platform connecting the prosumer through the Raspberry Pi microcontroller. The performance is evaluated through extensive simulations and compared with existing frequency control and energy trading techniques. Thus, the acquired real-time results authenticate the robustness of the developed F -RNN-tuned PID controller during energy trading.