E-Nose-Based Cross-Domain Recognition of Combustion-Supporting Agents via M-BFFNet

Identification of the type of combustion-supporting agents (CSAs) by an electronic nose (e-nose) is severely limited due to the absence of untested gas concentration in the e-nose training set. In order to solve this problem, this study designs an e-nose for classifying four CSAs (Diesel, Gasoline, Ethanol and Thinner), and builds cross-concentrations data set. This study uses Gramian Angular Field method that converts one-dimensional time series data to two-dimensional data, and proposes an algorithm named the Multi-Branch Feature Fusion Network (M-BFFNet). This algorithm passes the one-dimensional and two-dimensional data through two different networks and obtains two types of features. First, the algorithm can strength the one-dimensional raw data, integrate the advantages of different networks, and fuse the characteristics of different networks. Second, it can learn the characteristics of volatile gas with specific concentrations to identify the unknown concentrations. Last, a feature fusion module is designed to improve the algorithm ability of learning odor fingerprint. In order to verify the superiority of the algorithm, this study tests the recognition performance of the e-nose based systems and compares the proposed M-BFFNet with traditional algorithms. The results show that the proposed M-BFFNet improves the identification accuracy compared to other algorithms. According to the analysis of this work, the M-BFFNet can be used to identify CSAs with unknown concentrations.