Average Controllability of Composite Complex Networks via Graph Product

This article studies the average controllability of composite networks based on Cartesian product. The results reveal the fundamental links between the subnetwork characteristics and the average controllability of the composite network. It is found that adding the number of the external control inputs of the subnetworks or changing the topologies of the subnetworks can significantly improve the average controllability of the composite network. These results provide both theoretical and technical guidances for designing or optimizing a composite system.