Higher-order Visible Vortex Modes from a Pr3+:YLF Laser Source Under Intra-cavity Spherical Aberration

Visible Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with high mode purity have seen tremendous applications, such as under-water optical communication [1], material processing [2], and particle manipulation [3]. There are several demonstrations of the direct generation of higher-order LG modes from laser cavities in the near-infrared wavelength. However, there are no reports of the direct generation of higher-order LG modes in a visible region.