Enhancement of the Li-Ion Battery Energy Management by Real-Time Detecting the Lithium Plating Through the Analysis of the Battery Impedance

This paper examines the ability to enhance the performance of the Li-ion battery energy management for electrified transportation applications such as electric ships, vehicles, and trains, by detecting and monitoring the potential development of lithium plating in battery cells through the impedance analysis. Specifically, considering if and in which extend lithium plating is developed in the battery cells, the energy management can be properly adjusted for providing not only protection of their lifespan, but also improvement of their energy efficiency and increase of their exploitation capabilities. The proposed lithium plating detection technique can be applied in real-time by analyzing the impedance of the battery cells that can be estimated by utilizing the single frequency electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. The lithium plating is detected by analyzing the battery impedance behavior with respect to the state-of-charge (SoC). The EIS excitation current is provided by properly controlling the parallel connected MOSFET of the equalization circuit to each Li-ion battery cell. The practicality and functionality of the proposed method have been experimentally verified.