Characteristic Mode Modeling of Electromagnetic Scattering from Complex Objects

The use of the theory of characteristic modes (TCM) or characteristic mode (CM) theory in fast modeling of electromagnetic (EM) scattering from complex objects has great potential for various real-world applications. This paper presents a concise review of how CM theory can be employed to compute EM scattering from objects described with different CM formulations. Furthermore, it provides an in-depth examination of EM scattering from complex objects from the CM perspective. Additionally, this paper provides comparisons between TCM and other EM simulation techniques, and it discusses some unresolved issues in the field.