GPS Antenna with Perpendicular Quad-elements for Autonomous Vehicle’s Shark Fin Aerial

This paper presents a full ground-backed antenna configuration consisting of a core radiating patch located on top of the substrate and additionally quad-elements placed perpendicularly on the substrate. This assembly is intended to consolidate in an autonomous vehicle’s shark fin aerial. By adjusting the dimensions of quad-elements, autonomy in tuning can be achieved. The quad-elements are optimized to tune in the Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 and L2 operational bands.