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A Review on Antenna Technology Developments for Sub-THz Wireless Communication: Applications, Challenges and Opportunities
Jordi C.F. Zandboer;Gabriele Federico;Ulf Johannsen;A. Bart Smolders
IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Year: 2025 | Early Access Article |
This paper analyzes state-of-the-art antenna concepts in the higher millimeter-wave frequency range (90-300 GHz), commonly referred to as the sub-THz frequency range. As the sub-THz range is still an emerging field of research, the aim of this review is to present and discuss different approaches and concepts reported in literature in the areas of antenna-in-package (AiP), antenna-on-chip (AoC) an...Show More
Circular Statistics for Antenna Measurements
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
Year: 2025 | Early Access Article |
Statistics is a necessary tool to asses the uncertainties in a measurement technique. In this way, we can determine the reliability of the technique and can aim to improve this. In measurement techniques where both the amplitude and phase are important, statistics should be applied not only to the magnitude, but also to the phase. Linear statistics has several disadvantages when applied to the pha...Show More
A Fast Exponential Analysis and Variable Projection Based Method for Linear Array Synthesis
Ramonika Sengupta;Ferre Knaepkens;Annie Cuyt;David S. Prinsloo;Thomas Schäfer;A. Bart Smolders
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
Year: 2025 | Early Access Article |
This paper presents a fast exponential analysis and variable projection method to reduce the number of elements in linear phased arrays. The numerical examples given in this work demonstrate a reduction of approximately 20% or 10% in the number of elements, with only a slight decrease in directivity of 0.63 dBi observed for a scan range of $[-45^\circ,45^\circ ]$. Compared to the combined matrix p...Show More
Assembly and Electrical Tolerance Analysis for Silicon-IC-to-Waveguide Integration using a Contactless Transition at mm-Wave Frequencies
P. Kaul;A. Aljarosha;A. B. Smolders;M. K. Matters-Kammerer;R. Maaskant
2024 54th European Microwave Conference (EuMC)
Year: 2024 | Conference Paper |
This paper analyses the impact of assembly, process, voltage and temperature variations on the performance of a 4-channel power amplifier integrated into a waveguide with a direct waveguide-to-IC contactless transition. The paper reports on modeling methodology and presents simulation results of the impact of the variations on the performance of the waveguide-integrated power amplifier. Based on s...Show More
Waveguide Integration and Packaging of a Multichannel Power Amplifier in a SiGe BiCMOS Technology for mm-Wave Applications
Piyush Kaul;Alhassan Aljarosha;A. B. Smolders;M. K. Matters-Kammerer;Rob Maaskant
This article introduces the packaging and integration of a multichannel silicon-based power amplifier (PA) operating in the range of 70–74 GHz into a metal waveguide (WG) using a contactless IC-to-WG transition. This contactless transition facilitates the IC-WG connection and incorporates a spatial power combiner and an impedance matching network. This article outlines a comprehensive step-by-step...Show More
Synthesis of elliptically shaped aperiodic antenna arrays subject to complex design constraints
State-of-the-art conformal array pattern synthesis techniques typically suffer from a significant computational burden. This article builds upon the auxiliary array pattern synthesis technique, allowing the technique to work on elliptical contours. This deterministic method is both computationally efficient and capable of handling complex design cases with additional design constraints. In order t...Show More
Uncertainties Introduced by the Probe in Millimeter-Wave Planar Near-Field Measurements
No measurement is complete without a thorough investigation of the involved uncertainties. This article investigates uncertainties introduced by the probe in planar near-field (NF) measurements at the mm-wave frequencies 90 and 140 GHz. This includes probe compensation and multiple reflections between the probe and the antenna-under-test (AUT). A combination of simulations and measurements is used...Show More
Exploring Uniformity of Reverberation Chambers: Insights from Antenna Reflection Coefficient
N. Farid;J. Fridén;M.V. Ivashina;A.B. Smolders;L.A. Bronckers
2024 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
Year: 2024 | Conference Paper |
Reverberation chambers are widely recognized as a time-efficient testing facility for various applications. The spatial uniformity based on the power transfer function is a critical characteristic of the chamber that affects the measurement uncertainty. To gain more insights into the chamber behavior we introduce a complementary metric: the K-gamma factor. This metric, inspired by the well-establi...Show More
Analysis of a Small LOFAR Low-Band Test Array Using a Sky Map, Simulated Embedded Element Patterns and Measured LNA-Impedances
M. J. Arts;M. Ruiter;P. Kruger;D. Prinsloo;M.J. Bentum;A. B. Smolders
2024 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
Year: 2024 | Conference Paper |
This paper describes the analysis of a nine element test array of inverted V-antennas for the frequency range 20–90 MHz. The array is used as a small radio telescope. The purpose of this test array is to verify a system model using simulated embedded element patterns and measured impedances of the low noise amplifiers in a representative system. The output power of the array is measured over a per...Show More
Quiet-Zone Profiling in a mmWave Spherical Anechoic Chamber: An Evaluation Approach
Naila Rubab;Laurens A. Bronckers;A. J. van den Biggelaar;A. Bart Smolders;Ad C. F. Reniers
2024 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
Year: 2024 | Conference Paper |
To ensure effective plane wave illumination of an antenna under test in an anechoic chamber, a specific region known as the Quiet Zone (QZ) is typically specified. Conventional anechoic chambers often employ the industry-standard free-space voltage standing wave method utilizing a horn antenna for the QZ characterization. However, to define the QZ in distinctive anechoic chamber designs, it is ess...Show More
Over-the-Air Measurements for mm-Wave Body-Centric Wireless Communication
2024 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
Year: 2024 | Conference Paper |
A preliminary study of the applicability of mm-waves for future body-centric wireless communication systems is presented. The loss levels associated with body-centric wireless propagation at lower mm-wave frequencies are quantified by over-the-air measurements of a propagation scenario, in which a custom-made human-head phantom is placed between two antennas to obstruct the line of sight. Both pas...Show More
A Reverberation Chamber for Antenna Measurements up to 140 GHz
Anouk Hubrechsen;Laurens A. Bronckers;Steven J. Verwer;Ad C. F. Reniers;A. Bart Smolders
In this article, we design and verify a millimeter-wave (mmWave) reverberation chamber (RC) operating in the 24–140-GHz band. The chamber is designed to facilitate over-the-air measurements of next-generation integrated antennas operating at high frequencies. For such systems, it is important to perform fast and accurate measurements of the radiated or received power over a wide frequency range. T...Show More
Atmospheric Attenuation in a mmWave Reverberation Chamber
Anouk Hubrechsen;Laurens A. Bronckers;Ad C. F. Reniers;A. Bart Smolders
This letter describes the effects of atmospheric attenuation on reverberation-chamber measurements in the mmWave range. It is evaluated using chamber-decay time, as the atmospheric attenuation is also defined as the rate of decay. We describe a method to de-embed atmospheric attenuation to evaluate for which cases it has a measurable impact and show results from 50 to 140 GHz, including uncertaint...Show More
Multimode Phased Antenna Array for mm-Wave User Terminals With Ultrawide-Angle Scanning Capabilities
Rowin Ansems;Gabriele Federico;A. Bart Smolders;Diego Caratelli
This communication concerns the design, simulation, and measurement of a multimode antenna array that provides ultrawide-angle scanning for emerging mm-wave applications. The proposed design is based on a half-loop antenna topology that is optimized for edge-fire radiation and is suitable for integration into mobile user equipment (UE). Each array element has two radiation pattern modes supported ...Show More
A Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for Wide-Angle Scanning Arrays at mm-Waves
Rowin Ansems;Diego Caratelli;A. Bart Smolders;Gabriele Federico
2023 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements and Applications (CAMA)
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
This paper presents the design of an antenna array specifically tailored for wide-angle scanning in mm-wave applications. The proposed design utilizes a half-loop antenna topology optimized for edge-fire radiation, making it highly suitable for integration into mobile user equipment. Each array element features two independent ports supporting two distinct radiation pattern modes, enabling coverag...Show More
Sparse Linear Array Synthesis Using Exponential Analysis
Ramonika Sengupta;Annie Cuyt;David S. Prinsloo;Lukas Nyström;A. Bart Smolders
2023 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements and Applications (CAMA)
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (1)
This paper presents an exponential analysis technique for synthesizing a sparse non-uniform linear array using equidistant samples of the array factor of a dense uniform linear array. The problem statement is explored in a realistic production noise setting (i.e., we model uncertainties/tolerances during production as Gaussian noise), which motivates some slight oversampling. The collected samples...Show More
Amplifier-Integrated Active Array Antennas for millimeter-Wave Radar
Martijn de Kok;Stefania Monni;Marc van Heijningen;Alessandro Garufo;Peter de Hek;A. Bart Smolders;Ulf Johannsen
2023 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements and Applications (CAMA)
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Modern wireless systems, especially at millimeter-wave, place increasingly stringent requirements on size, weight, power and cost (SWaP-C). In this talk we present an overview of our recent work on active beamsteering array antennas for mm-wave sensing applications, highlighting an active transmitarray antenna for Kaband (34-36 GHz) monopulse tracking radar with commercial SiGe-based beamforming c...Show More
An Open Hemispherical Resonant Cavity for Relative Permittivity Measurements of Fluid and Solid Materials at mm-Wave Frequencies
Gabriele Federico;Diego Caratelli;A. Bart Smolders;Ad Reniers
In this paper, we present a hemispherical Fabry-Pérot open cavity resonator based measurement technique to estimate the relative permittivity of dielectric materials. The open cavity is realized by combining a spherical and a planar mirror, suitable for the characterization of both solid and fluid materials in the frequency range from 25 GHz to 42 GHz. The planar mirror is surrounded by a 0.5 mm h...Show More
Modeling Integrated Antennas and Unisolated High-Power Amplifiers in Infinite Scanning Arrays
Martijn de Kok;Stefania Monni;Marc van Heijningen;Alessandro Garufo;Peter de Hek;A. Bart Smolders;Ulf Johannsen
This paper presents a model of active-integrated power amplifiers and antennas in a scanning array environment. The model links together load-pull data and unit-cell antenna simulations through a synthesized power combining and matching network to determine the active load reflection seen by the individual transistors. From this an estimate of the overall power-added efficiency, interconnect losse...Show More
Radiated Spectrum of Focal Plane Array Antennas with LINCA Array Feeds
2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI)
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
In this contribution, radiation pattern measure-ments of a focal plane array antenna are combined with simulated outphasing waveforms to investigate the radiated spectrum. The recombination of the outphasing signals takes place in free-space (LINCA). The dynamic range is calculated and it is discussed whether the spectral masks would be violated with this system. A dynamic range of 24.1dB can be a...Show More
Constrained Deterministic Synthesis of Conformal Supershaped Antenna Arrays
Justin M. E. Geerarts;Guilherme Theis;A. Bart Smolders;Diego Caratelli
Conformal array pattern synthesis represents a challenging problem for current state-of-the-art design techniques. To their detriment, these techniques typically suffer from a significant computational burden. A deterministic method for the synthesis of singly curved conformal antenna arrays based on the superformula and the auxiliary array pattern (AAP) formulation is presented. This method, bein...Show More
Multi-Mode Antennas for Ultra-Wide-Angle Scanning Millimeter-Wave Arrays
Gabriele Federico;Zhe Song;Guilherme Theis;Diego Caratelli;A. Bart Smolders
In this paper, a novel multi-mode millimeter-wave antenna array with enhanced scan range and reduced scan losses is presented. The individual array element consists of a differentially fed microstrip patch on top of which a cylindrical dielectric resonator is integrated. The radiation pattern of the antenna element can be reconfigured by changing the phase offset between the feeding ports of the p...Show More
Near-Field Calibration Methods for Integrated Analog Beamforming Arrays and Focal Plane Array Feeds
Roel X. F. Budé;Kevin A. P. Van Hastenberg;Ulf Johannsen;A. Bart Smolders
Active millimeter-wave beamforming arrays and focal plane array antennas require extensive calibration to compensate for impairments, such as phase and gain variations between elements, as well as unintended coupling between changes in gain and phase. When far-field calibration methods are used for calibrating focal plane array antennas, the required size of the anechoic chamber is exceedingly lar...Show More
Uncertainty Analysis Methodology for Measurements of Dynamic Millimeter-Wave Channels
Robbert Schulpen;A. Bart Smolders;Ulf Johannsen;L. A. Bronckers
Quantification of uncertainties in the results of channel sounding measurements is important for their interpretation and further usage. In this paper, a novel uncertainty analysis methodology to quantify uncertainties of condensed parameters in measurements of dynamic millimeter-wave channels is presented. The bandwidth limitation and multipath threshold are identified as important impairments. T...Show More
Simplified Over-the-Air Noise Figure Measurement Method for Reduced Uncertainty
2023 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2023
Year: 2023 | Conference Paper |
Cited by: Papers (2)
Receiving systems for mm-wave applications are increasing in complexity and level of integration. Therefore, crucial metrics such as noise figure have to be characterized using an over-the-air approach. We introduce a simplified version of the reverberation-chamber noise-figure (RCN) method, such that two instead of three calibration steps are necessary for the measurement of noise figure and gain...Show More
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