A Wireless, Multicolor Fluorescence Image Sensor Implant for Real-Time Monitoring in Cancer Therapy

Real-time monitoring of dynamic biological processes in the body is critical to understanding disease progression and treatment response. These data, for instance, can help address the lower than 50% response rates to cancer immunotherapy. However, current clinical imaging modalities lack the molecular contrast, resolution, and chronic usability for rapid and accurate response assessments. Here, we present a fully wireless image sensor featuring a
$2.5{\times }5$
mm2 CMOS integrated circuit for multicolor fluorescence imaging deep in tissue. The sensor operates wirelessly via ultrasound (US) at 5-cm depth in oil, harvesting energy with 221-mW/cm2 incident US power density (31% of FDA limits) and backscattering data at 13 kb/s with a bit error rate
$\lt 10{^{-6}}$
. In situ fluorescence excitation is provided by micro-laser diodes controlled with a programmable on-chip driver. An optical front-end combining a multi-bandpass interference filter and a fiber optic plate (FOP) provides >6 OD excitation blocking and enables three-color imaging for detecting multiple cell types. A
$36{\times }40$
pixel array captures images with <125-
$\mu $
m resolution. We demonstrate wireless, dual-color fluorescence imaging of both effector and suppressor immune cells in ex vivo mouse tumor samples with and without immunotherapy. These results show promise for providing rapid insight into therapeutic response and resistance, guiding personalized medicine.