Underwater Acoustic Communication Channel Model: A Simulation Study of Ibu Kota Nusantara

The relocation of the national capital lies at the junction of the Pacific plate, the Indo-Australian plate, and the Eurasian plate, which causes frequent tectonic shift activities that have the potential for tsunami disasters. Acoustic underwater wireless sensor networks to monitor and detect tectonic shift activities are often used as a preventive measure. In its implementation, problems often occur in UWSN applications, such as attenuation, delay, and noise. To overcome these problems, this study aims to investigate and analyze the acoustic communication of underwater channels to determine the optimum frequency, the power required, and the best protocol for the application of UWSN. Through this research, IKN sea characteristics such as salinity, pH, temperature, wind speed in the IKN sea, and ship activity constants of 34.31 ppt, 7.82, 4.11 degree celcius, and 6 m/s were obtained. Calculation of the optimum frequency is also carried out in minimizing the attenuation and noise values of the channel and obtaining the optimum frequency required by UWSN for applications at a depth value and transmission range of 0.5 km, 1 km, 5 km, 50 km, and 100 km respectively are 184.3 kHz, 187 kHz, 210.4 kHz, 790.7 kHz and 3441.5 kHz and 264.5 kHz, 187 kHz, 83.6 kHz, 26.3 kHz, and 18.6 kHz. Analysis of protocol variations was also carried out by comparing the Pure ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, 1-persistent CSMA/CA, and non-persistent CSMA protocols also carried out, and it was found that non-persistent CSMA/CA protocols had higher throughput values than other variations.