An improved calorimetric thermal voltage converter

The paper presents the design of a calorimetric thermal voltage converter (CTVC) with a significantly reduced DC reversal error. It also includes the results of an analysis of the frequency-dependent component of its AC-DC transfer difference. The analysis was conducted using a mathematical model of the CTVC waveguide and heater, which takes the form of a microwave rod resistor. The validity of the analysis results was confirmed through laboratory measurements. The CTVC is currently recognized as one of the most precise AC voltage standards within the frequency range of 1 to 100 MHz.