Particle Swarm Optimization of Self-Consumption for Solar PV Integrated Buildings

Large cities have experienced massive penetration of solar photovoltaic energy systems. This comes along with novel challenges in power control as far as the economy, energy exchange, and stability of the grid are concerned. To solve this problem, self-consumption smoothens changes in the production of solar power hence minimizing stresses on the grid such as frequency and voltage stresses. Self-consumption involves local consumption of some of the produced solar PV energy. Enhancement of self-consumption can be done through making use of building surfaces, which include the roof and facades. This work investigates optimizing the penetration of solar PV on the mentioned building surfaces to address problems associated with self-consumption and distribution systems while taking into account occupancy patterns such as occupancy-controlled loads like air conditioning and ventilation into account. Such problems lie on various parameters of self-consumption such as enhancement of grid stability, reduction of energy exchanges with the grid, and maximization of economic profitability. A case study was considered in Nairobi city and the impact of certain parameters on the optimal penetration of solar PV was carried out. Such parameters include load profile, consumption of the building, its height, and orientation towards the direction of sunlight. An investigation of the studied parameters as well as the optimization goal was carried out to determine how they affect the optimal penetration of solar PVs on the building. Simulations were carried out in Python to depict various levels of solar PV penetration on the building facades and the rooftop. PSO optimization algorithm was used to determine the optimal levels of solar PV penetration for self-consumption and self-sufficiency of the studied building. This research work presents a useful technique for decision-makers. Building designers can use the technique to determine the overall building size, height, and orientation that will reap maximum solar penetration for self-reliance. In addition, people carrying out solar PV installation can use this work to determine the solar capacities and sizes as well as the building facades that will produce maximum solar power. This research work is also beneficial in addressing challenges of solar PV penetration on distribution networks such as reverse power flow, voltage rise, and harmonics.