A review on varying challenges on Semiconducting Materials: Lingering experimental anomalies and impact on solar cell advancement

The progress seen in the metallic oxide semiconductor has been more of guesswork; hence, the primary reasons why colloidal semiconductor quantum well type materials are still hard to synthesize in the laboratory. This paper is a systematic review of semiconductors -with emphasis on its progress and its enormous challenges based on experimental work. It was observed that semiconductors' preparation techniques are essential to fine-tune the crystal shape or pattern to achieve a specific objective. Each preparation technique was seen to create a unique lattice system that defines the building blocks of each dopant. It was also clearly proven that the inherent ionic size of metal oxide semiconductor determines its successes at optimal conditions such as annealing to create chemical pressure and structural pressure via dopant concentration. For example, cadmium oxide semiconductors with dopants of the higher ionic radius negatively impact its inherent lattices; hence, the primary reason it attains low optical properties at optimal doping. Hence, the metallic oxide semiconductor's breakthrough is hinged on a more scientific way of influencing its inherent properties by fine-tuning its structural building blocks through a thoughtful experimental design. It was observed that the basic challenge peculiar to semiconductor reoccurs in solar cell application. Despite the popular perception on crystal growth techniques, all literature on this subject matter have shown no significant improvement on the resulting solar cell performance. In other words, future successful research on the subject matter is still in view.