Plasma water based nitrogen fixation: production, regulation and application

Nitrogen-based fertilizers are crucial for sustaining the global agricultural sector. Yet, the widely used Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing these fertilizers demands extensive infrastructure and is heavily energy-dependent. It not only utilizes substantial quantities of fossil fuels but also emits high levels of carbon dioxide, posing environmental concerns. An emerging technology, Plasma Water-Based Nitrogen Fixation (PWBNF), presents a viable, eco-friendly alternative that is particularly beneficial for localized, small to medium-scale production [1]. This innovative method leverages atmospheric pressure plasma to activate nitrogen or air molecules. It employs a dynamic mix of high-energy electrons, reactive nitrogen entities, ultraviolet radiation, and electric fields to engage physically and chemically with water molecules, including aerosols and water layers. The challenge lies in pinpointing the most effective combination of these elements to enhance the efficiency of nitrogen fixation and energy use, which is a key area of focus in ongoing plasma and chemical engineering studies. This report will delve into the most recent developments in PWBNF technology, examine the underlying physicochemical processes involved in the generation of NH
3
and NO
3
within a reactive plasma setting, and explore the potential and hurdles associated with this plasma-based strategy. The findings aim to contribute to the advancement of eco-friendly nitrogen fixation methods and distributed energy solutions [2, 3].