Time-Specific Classification in Hindustani Classical Music

This study presents a novel approach to classify morning and evening raags in Indian classical music using a unique architecture named the “1d-SRiyam” network. The classification is based on time-specific characteristics, capturing the emotive expressions and melodic nuances inherent in each raag. The proposed model was compared with a conventional 1d CNN-LSTM model using evaluation metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores. Results show that the 1d-SRiyam network outperforms the conventional model with an accuracy of 75% compared to 59%. The precision for classifying morning raags (class 0) was 70%, while for evening raags (class 1), it was 76%. The recall for class 0 was 38% and for class 1, it was 92%. The F1 scores were 0.49 for class 0 and 0.83 for class 1, indicating the superior predictive capabilities of the proposed model. The findings of this research highlight the importance of considering time theory in raag classification and provide valuable insights into the emotional and cultural aspects of Indian classical music. The 1d-SRiyam network offers a promising avenue for further exploration and appreciation of the timeless artistry present in morning and evening raags, enriching the understanding of this classical musical heritage.

I. Introduction

Music plays a profound role in life, enriching our experiences and emotions [1]. It has the power to uplift spirits, soothe troubled minds, and create cherished memories. Beyond mere entertainment, music fosters connection, offering a universal language that transcends cultural barriers, bringing people together in harmony. Embracing the beauty of music enhances our well-being and adds a meaningful dimension to the tapestry of life [2] [3]. Classical music holds immense importance as a timeless art form that reflects the essence of human creativity and expression. Its complexity and depth stimulate cognitive functions, promoting intellectual development and emotional growth. Additionally, classical compositions have endured through centuries, preserving cultural heritage and inspiring future generations of musicians and enthusiasts alike. Embracing classical music enriches our lives with a profound sense of beauty and refinement. Indian classical music is a treasured tradition of India, deeply rooted in its cultural fabric. Its intricate melodies and rhythmic patterns foster a profound connection to emotions and spirituality [4]–[6]. This art form has been passed down through generations, preserving the rich heritage of Indian music and promoting cultural identity. Embracing Indian classical music offers a gateway to the country's artistic legacy and provides a transformative experience that nurtures the soul and fosters a sense of unity with the universe. Indian classical music encompasses two main divisions: Carnatic and Hindustani classical music. In this context, we are focusing on Hindustani classical music, which is also referred to as North Indian classical music, the same can be applied to Carnatic as well. Classifying raags based on time theory holds significant importance in Hindustani classical music. This categorization allows musicians and learners to understand the appropriate time [7] and mood to perform specific raags, aligning them with the natural rhythms of the day. Each raag is believed to evoke a particular emotional response and atmosphere, making them more suitable for specific periods of the day or night [8]. By following the time theory, musicians can enhance the impact and effectiveness of their performances, creating a deeper connection with the audience and the essence of the raag itself. Indian classical music incorporates certain ragas [9] that are believed to possess therapeutic qualities [10], influencing various health conditions. For instance, Raag Pooriya Dhansari, also known as Hamsanandi-Kamavardini, is thought to induce sweetness, depth, heaviness, and stability, while preventing acidity. Raag Bageshri evokes darkness, stability, depth, and calmness, and has been used in treating diabetes and hypertension. Raag Darbari, composed by Tansen for Akbar to alleviate tension, is considered effective in easing stress. Raag Todi offers relief to patients with high blood pressure, while Raag Ahir-Bhairav is believed to lower blood pressure. Raag Malkauns aids in the treatment of low blood pressure, and Raag Bhairavi provides relief from conditions such as tuberculosis, cancer, severe cold, phlegm, sinus issues, and toothache. Raag Malhar is known for its usefulness in treating asthma and sunstroke. Moreover, Raag Todi offers relief from colds and headache, while ragas Hindol and Marava are said to aid in blood purification. These observations highlight the potential therapeutic applications of specific ragas in Indian classical music. In Indian music, a unique aspect is the association of specific times of the day and night with the performance of ragas. During these designated periods, ragas are believed to showcase their melodic beauty and grandeur.