Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey of Protocols, Standards, and the Revolutionary Role of Blockchain

Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications are familiar to ordinary people, and many devices communicate with each other using the internet without requiring user intervention. However, security remains a significant concern in the IoT. The lack of security in user authentication and privacy protection puts them at risk. Therefore, ensuring security in device-to-device communications is essential, and security standards and protocols are necessary. In this article, recommendations have been made regarding security standards and protocols. Each standard and protocol provides the most suitable one for different conditions, according to the features and mechanisms it provides. For example, IETF RFC 7252, WirelessHART, TLS/DTLS, IEEE 1888.3, and TCG can be used as suitable security standards and protocols for the IoT. Additionally, blockchain technology is one of the new technologies in establishing IoT security, which provides security without the need for centralized or trusted third-party referral. By examining these standards and blockchain technology, it can be concluded that some of them provide stronger mechanisms in user authentication, data integrity, and privacy protection compared to other standards using new techniques. By implementing these security standards and protocols, the IoT can be made more secure and reliable, which is essential for its continued growth and expansion.