I. Introduction
The pursuit of energy solutions that are both sustainable and kind to the environment has spurred the rapid advancement of alternative powertrain technologies in the automotive sector. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) stand at the forefront of this technological evolution, gaining traction not only in vehicular applications but also in stationary power generation due to their impressive energy efficiency, minimal emissions, and compact design. PEMFCs produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, positioning them as ideal contenders for the next generation of zero-emission transportation [1]. To enhance the reliability and safety of energy systems in automotive applications, it is crucial to address state estimation and control challenges [2]. Nevertheless, the integration of PEMFCs into the mainstream automotive market hinges on significant enhancements in their performance, longevity, affordability, and the development of robust control systems. One of the principal obstacles is the intricate interplay of electrochemical reactions, thermal management, and fluid dynamics within the fuel cell, which presents a formidable challenge in terms of system design and management.