Critical Coupling-based ITO Integrated Photonics High Speed and Energy Efficient Modulator

Here, a high-speed optical modulator with 40 GHz bandwidth, robust athermal operation, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility, and using the magical critical coupling loss, is presented for photonic integrated systems and computing applications. The energy per bit of operation of 1fJ/bit is observed in the proposed device.