Full -wave modelling of two-photon microscopy with spatiotemporal focussing

Spatiotemporal focussing has enabled widefield, axially confined multiphoton excitation. Its main advantage of an improved performance through scattering media, useful for deep imaging and optogenetics, however, has largely been evaluated empirically because of a lack of a suitable computational model. To overcome this we have developed a full-wave simulation describing two-photon microscopy image formation through scattering media with spatiotemporal focussing. This model provides full freedom to vary imaging parameters and observe quantities not generally accessible in experiment. We use this model to reveal new insights into the properties of spatiotemporal focussing in the presence of scattering media. © 2022 The Author(s)