Comparing the role of V2G hydrogen fuel cell and V2G electric vehicles for increased integration of VRE in a low carbon neighbourhood

The aim of this paper is to compare the role of vehicle to grid (V2G) hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) for increased integration of VRE in a low carbon neighbourhood. Microgrid model is developed for a hypothetical model community in Trondheim city of Norway to demonstrate the case. The model run minimises the total system cost and optimises the operation costs of the microgrid. The result shows that V2G BEV is the cheapest grid balancing source than V2G HFCV. Nevertheless, the contribution of the V2G BEV for residual demand and peak load reductions is limited to 2.9% and 5.4% respectively; it depends on the connection share of the V2G vehicles during parking. There is no power dispatch from the V2G HFCV in any of the scenarios. The role of the V2G BEV is threefold: (1) replaces fossil fuels in transportation, (2) provide flexibility to the VRE by balancing excess VRE production, and (3) reduces the peak load.