Detection of Adulteration In Milk Using Electrical Impedance Sensor

Milk is the only food which contain almost all of the nutrients and is widely used from a newborn to an adult. But it is at high risk of committing adulteration for the sake of profit and increased value. The aim of this study is to quantify the concentration of adulterants like formaldehyde,
$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{2}$
, and cornstarch in milk. The proposed system basically used the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) technique consisting of SS316 sensor for measurement. Phase angle to voltage converter circuit is responsible for the detection of phase angle. This allows a real-time monitoring system for different voltages which specify the different quantities of adulterants present in the milk. It is observed that as the level of adulterants increases, the voltage value also increases while showing an opposite effect for
$\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{2}$
. As impedance also depends on frequencies, a 10KHz shows more linearity than 100KHz.