A Study on the Relationship Between Brain Waves, Heart Rate, and Facial Expressions During Programming Learning

Recently, there have been several on-demand learning systems that are not restricted by learning time or place. However, in these systems, learning content is prepared in advance for each learning course, or learning content of different difficulty levels is prepared, and learners select their learning contents. In contrast to these conventional systems, many studies have been conducted on learning systems that can grasp the learning state of individual learners and provide them with most suitable learning content. We experimentally verified a method for estimating the difficulty level of a task by focusing on alpha and beta waves. However, in practice, it is not feasible to have learners wear an electroencephalograph (EEG). This study aims to discover biometric information that can be measured by a nonwearable device as an alternative to EEG for estimating the learning state.