Survey on Doppler Characterization and Compensation Schemes in LEO Satellite Communication Systems

To achieve a global coverage and enhance throughput, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites have been adopted in B5G and 6G communications, because they can provide lower latency and higher service density compared to those with higher orbital altitude. However, in the LEO satellite networks, ground users may observe significant Doppler, which should be estimated and compensated for reliable communications. Thus, in this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing studies on Doppler characterization and compensation.