Compact quantum VLF/ELF sources for submarine to air communication

For decades communicating between underwater and the air has remained an unsolved problem. Only very low frequency electromagnetic waves have sufficient penetration through seawater to enable an air-underwater RF link. Generation of such waves requires large antennas which cannot be installed on a submarine. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of a compact very low radio frequency source which can be used on a submarine. Theoretical calculations show that by using highly excited Rydberg states of hydrogen atoms which are further split and brought closer together by the linear Stark effect, one can achieve sufficient VLF/ELF radiation power for a submarine at operational depths of hundreds of meters to communicate with a surface/air platform tens of kilometers away.