I. Introduction
Glucose homeostasis is a mechanism of critical importance for sustaining life in humans through the use of glucose as a source of energy. One of the main organs involved in this mechanism is the pancreas. The pancreas regulates glucose in the body autonomously and continuously. The glycemic control is primarily achieved through the pancreas' endocrine hormones balanced through a negative feedback loop. Insulin and glucagon are the essential pancreatic hormones that affect the blood glucose level (BGL). Insulin (produced by beta cells in the pancreas) decreases BGL by either storing excess glucose mainly in the liver and muscles or allowing body cells to utilize glucose as fuel. Glucagon (produced by pancreatic alpha cells) raises BGL by releasing glucose that has been stored as glycogen in the body.