Grid integration and application of Battery Energy Storage Systems

Energy storage systems (ESS) provide numerous benefits like smart energy consumption, better grid management, cost-cutting, resilience, resource-saving, grid stability, etc. In this paper, various ESS techniques are compared in terms of the parameters such as capacity, cost of energy, energy density, round trip efficiency, response time, lifetime, etc. Among all the ESS, Li-ion Battery energy storage system (BESS) is found to be optimum for power applications due to research & technical advancements in power electronics & battery technologies. With a wide range of power and storage capacity, BESSs are designed for small-sized household applications to large scale systems used for utilities, industrial, commercial, defense, hospital applications. In this paper, a secondary distributed control technique is developed for BESS farms utility grid BESS plant along with a centralized plant controller at the PCC level. While designing these control algorithms care is taken to make the plant compliant with all grid codes, provide additional support to grid during contingencies, and also able to be operative in both grid connected and standalone modes. The BESS farm is modelled with three BESS units connected to the grid using IEC61131-PLC programming language, the operation is validated & analyzed under different operating conditions while considering the grid transitions, as well as the grid management during contingencies by providing voltage frequency support, reactive power control at PCC by controlling the power factor as per the IEEE1547-2018 reactive power control methodologies.