Which Types of Learners Are Suitable for the Virtual Reality Environment: A fsQCA Approach

While virtual reality has become a research hot spot in the education field, few studies considered the students’ individual differences (e.g., attitude, knowledge), which may influence their learning. This study aimed to investigate, which types of learners are suitable for the virtual reality environment. A fuzzy set analysis was conducted, we found: (1) high autonomy virtual reality environment suitable for students with a solid foundation of knowledge; (2) low autonomy virtual reality environment cause more cognitive load for learners compare to high autonomy virtual reality environment; (3) a positive attitude towards VR may lead to worse learning outcomes for learners with low prior knowledge. The findings indicated that teachers should personalize their use of educational technology based on their students.