Keyframe Insertion for Random Access and Packet-Loss Repair in H.264/AVC, H.265/HEVC, and H.266/VVC

Sending low-delay live video over error-prone channels comes with packet-loss-repair and random-access challenges. Existing solutions have a negative impact on end-users with reliable connections or users that do not switch channels. To minimize this impact, the keyframe-insertion technique extends a compression-efficient normal stream (NS) with a companion stream (CS) solely consisting of keyframes [1].