An IoT-based Smart Grid Technology: Bidirectional Power Flow, Smart Energy Metering, and Home Automation

The Internet of things (IoT)-based smart grid system is a burning tool for ensuring smart home automation monitoring systems, smart billing systems, and smart energy distribution. Smart grid has the advantage to integrate renewable energy resources (RESs) into the conventional grid that can reduce the effects of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This paper focuses on demonstrating the bidirectional power flow between generation units and the consumer’s unit, smart energy metering, and home automation system. Solar photovoltaic (PV) system is supplies power to the home appliance with the grid and when the power solar PV is sufficient, it can contribute to the grid. The smart billing system provides the billing information to the users through message. Home automation system benefits the consumer to distribute energy efficiently s and to control home appliances from anywhere in the world. The proposed research work is implemented practically to verify the feasibility of the system. ESP32 with GSM module is incorporated into the system as the controller. The real-time data of voltage, current, and power are collected from the ThinkSpeak server. The error is calculated from the measured data and the actual data and is illustrated graphically. The average percentage of error for solar power is 7.542989% and for the grid is 3.443207%.