I. Introduction
The exponential progress in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) leads toward the advent of advanced technologies such as Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). BCIs are a type of CPSs with the capability of communication, computation, and decisionmaking process. BCIs are bidirectional systems between human brains and in/external electronic devices (such as smartphones, laptops) [1]. The current applications of BCIs include neurodegenerative diseases or disorders such as Alzheimer's, Depression, and Parkinson's diseases. Furthermore, the future application of the BCIs is to interconnect networks of brains or connect brains to the Internet. Promising companies such as Neuralink aim to accelerate the development of these technologies [2]. However, vulnerabilities of the system open doors for different malicious cyberattacks, which could compromise the implant and health of BCI users. Table I shows existing different types of cyberattacks in BCIs based on STRIDE and their relation to security features. Moreover, it could turn hosts into programmable armies capable of doing any commands their “master” wants, which results in [3], [4]:
Brain hacking and controlling someone
Extracting sensitive information (debit card)
Neurocrimes