Design trade-offs of PV dc-dc module integrated converter: standards constraints

Module-integrated dc/dc converter (MIC) is a converter approach that has been of increasing importance in photovoltaic (PV) system applications. These systems comprise PV modules integrated with dc/dc converter that step-up voltage and perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for each module. However, these converters present many challenges related both to user safety and electrical circuit protection. This paper presents an analysis of how the most important standards addressing quality, efficiency, safety, and operational requirements impact the design of MICs. Based on this analysis, it is discussed design trade-offs for MIC designers and future trends intelligent modules (MLPE). This paper proposes how these standards are handled by intelligent modules (MLPE), such as optimizers, microinverters, and MICs.