In vivo proof of concept of a pulsatile physiologic controller framework for ventricular assist devices

This paper presents a physiological ventricular assist devices controller framework. It extends a simple controller by any desired in-cycle feedforward trajectory. Two sample trajectories are investigated. The first trajectory generates a dynamic pumping during the filling phase (diastole) as a counter-pulse to the heart. In contrast, the second trajectory allows pumping during the ejection phase (systole) as a co-pulse. The proof of the controlling concept is provided in vivo. The feedforward controllers are compared to the base controller without a feedforward trajectory. Pumping during systole leads to cardiac arrhythmia, whereas pumping during diastole leads to much better pulsation and slightly longer aortic valve opening. It also increases the mean and maximum aortic pressure.