I. Introduction
Growing environmental concerns are driving terrestrial and shipboard power systems to transition from fossil fuels to renewables, e.g., wind and solar [1], [2], buffered by battery storage. The increasing share of converter-interfaced energy sources is reshaping power system dynamics, and it is challenging stable grid operation in both terrestrial and shipboard power systems. In this regard, grid-forming voltage source converters (VSCs) have been extensively studied as they can provide virtual inertia and help to stabilize the power system [3] –[12]. Grid-forming converters typically adopt droop control, virtual synchronous machine (VSM), or virtual oscillator control [13]. Among them, the VSM aims to improve power system dynamic performance by emulating dynamics of a synchronous machine.