Recycling of c-Si PV Modules: an Energy Analysis and Further Improvements

Nowadays, the management of our planet’s resources is becoming of primary importance due to their increasing exploitation from human activities. The present study focuses, in particular, on the management of photovoltaic (PV) waste produced when they reach their end-of-life. PV modules contain precious and valuable materials, as well as toxic materials that may cause problems for human health and the environment if not disposed of properly. This study aims, at first, to review and analyze the current literature in order to deeply understand the topic of recycling PV modules, particularly crystalline-Silicon ones, which represent the largest market share. A second part analyzes the energy consumption of these recycling processes considering first-generation c-Si PV modules. Finally, improvements are suggested also considering the design of PV modules (Eco-design). The study estimates that the energy consumed to recycle c-Si PV modules could reach values as low as $130 \div 300$ kWh/ton of PV waste treated.