An effective hFPAPFA for a PIDA-based hybrid loop of Load Frequency and terminal voltage regulation system

Providing a reliable and stable electric power system is one of the major tasks of engineers in many industries. Consequently, a strong focus on the stability of the nominal frequency and adequate supply of voltage management is imperative. This paper aims to develop an efficient proportional integral derivative acceleration (PIDA) controller, optimized by the combination of the flower pollinated algorithm (FPA) and pathfinder algorithm (PFA) to regulate combined load frequency and terminal voltage control regulation (LFC-AVR) systems. Whereas the FPA has the competence to exploit the search space, it lacks the potency to explore it, resulting in getting stuck in local optima. Hence, the PFA is integrated into the FPA to improve its performance. The integral time absolute error (ITAE) is selected as the performance index. Results obtained show that the proposed technique surpassed others in improving the step response of the LFC-AVR system under different scenarios.